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NRI

NON-RESIDENT INDIAN (NRI)

NRI is any person holding Indian Passport but has immigrated to some other country for the duration of 6 months or more for residence, employment purpose, and vacation circumstances that indicate intention to stay out of India for an indefinite period.

Following people are also considered NRI:

  • If a person’s stay in India is less than 182 days during the preceding financial year, then also the person will be considered NRI.
  • Citizens of India who are working abroad with foreign government agencies like United Nations Organisation (UNO), affiliates, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank etc. on assignment.
  • Officials of Central and State Government and Public Sector undertaking deputed abroad on temporary assignments or posted to their offices, including Indian diplomat missions, abroad.

Non-resident foreign citizens of Indian Origin are treated on par with non-resident Indian citizens.

Retirement Planning

Before discussing Retirement Planning one must have a clear understanding of what retirement is. Retirement is old age life when the person has become free from your personal & professional liability.

After spending your whole life to fulfil the needs of your family. It is the retirement age when you get time to fulfil your dreams and those things do require money. Therefore, it becomes crucial to be independent at that age also. There comes the need of retirement planning.

Thus, retirement planning is done by an individual to earn a regular income after retirement.

Highlights of budget for FY 2017-18

No Cash transaction over INR 3 Lac

As per Budget 2017-18 no cash transaction is permitted for more than INR 3 Lac. This has become a problem for sectors that deal in Cash. Ex Jewellery, Property where major payments are done in cash. If someone is caught making cash payment of more than INR 3 Lac then there is 100% penalty on it.

Income tax slab reduced

Income tax slab reduced from 10% to 5% for people earning between INR 2.5 Lac -5 Lac. This has become a reason for happiness among the salaried class earning up to INR 5 Lac.

10% Surcharge imposed-

Surcharge of 10% has been imposed on individuals earning between INR 50 Lac- 1 Crore. It’s an extra burden for individuals earning between INR 50 Lac- 1 Crore.

Long Term Capital Gain tenure reduced from 3 years to 2years-

Another sense of relief for people who love to invest in Land and buildings as the tenure of Long Term Capital Gain tenure has been reduced from 3 years to 2years. Hence w.e.f. FY 2017-2018 if the Land and building are sold after 2 years then it will come under Long-term Capital Gain. And the person will get the benefit of Indexation.

No change in Long-term Capital and short term Capital gain tax for Equity Investors-

The budget for FY 2017-18 has brought good news for Long-term Capital gainers as there is no change in Long term Capital gain tax for equity investors. This means they can enjoy the benefit from equity market after 1 year i.e. All gains will be considered tax-free.

Corporate tax for MSME companies below 50 Crore turnover is reduced to 25%-

The tax slab has been reduced to 25% for Corporate whose turnover is less than INR 50 Crores. Thus, this would benefit 96% of MSME along with the startups.

Cash Donation limit to political parties reduced-

Earlier we could make a cash donation to political parties for INR 20000. But w.e.f. FY 2017-18 this limit has been reduced to INR 2000 only.

Aadhaar pay is about to be launched soon-

This means that from now onwards shopping has become hassle free. As, you can do shopping with only a thumb impression.

No change in Service tax-

Another good news is the service tax has not been increased which was expected before the budget.

5% TDS on rent more than INR 50000–

W.E. F Budget FY 2017-18, 5% TDS has been imposed if the rent paid is more than INR 50000.

THESE 9 REASON CAN LEAD TO CAR INSURANCE CLAIM REJECTION

Car Insurance is the most common and mandatory type of Insurance product taken by the general public. Any genuine Car Insurance claim will not get rejected. But below mentioned reasons play an important role in getting Car insurance claim rejected. Therefore, one must go through below reasons and avoid the same to have smooth claim settlement.

  • Driving license expired-

    If, the driving license of the vehicle driver has expired Or If the vehicle driver does not hold a driving license then also the claim will get rejected
  • Drunk Driver-

    If the driver has consumed alcohol or drugs while driving the vehicle then the insurance company will reject the claim for committing a crime as alcohol consumption while the drive is a punishable offense.
  •  Fraudulent Claim-

    Many times Car Insurance claims get rejected, if the Insurance Company discovers that the claim was exaggerated then the actual damage caused. As, such fraudulent claims may not only get rejected. But can also have legal consequences under which you might have to pay to the insurance company for the cost bared in investigating the fraud.
  • Disclosing incomplete information-

    Another common reason for car insurance claim rejection is remaining quite about the modifications made in the vehicle at the time of taking motor insurance. Ex upgrade of engine etc. If such information comes into the notice of Insurance Company then they might reject the claim for hiding the relevant information.

  • Breaching Policy Conditions-

    In case the client has taken the car insurance for the private vehicle. But the person is using the vehicle for commercial use. In such a scenario, the insurance company can reject the insurance claim.
  • Not Reporting About the Accident on Time-

    If the insured does not intimate the insurance company about the accident in time, then the company might reject the application. For most of the insurance companies, the window for intimating about the accident is 48 hours.
  • Normal Wear & Tear-

    If the claim is made for day to day wear and tear then such claims can get rejected. Example: Engine weakening due to regular use, peeling paint etc.
  • Consequential Damage-

    If the damage is caused to the vehicle despite clear instructions by the insurance company that not to use the vehicle under certain conditions when there is another option. Example: using the vehicle in flooded area causing damage to the engine. In such a scenario the claim can get rejected.
  • Due to negligence of the Insured-

    Suppose the theft of the car happened due to the negligence of the insured then also the claim can get rejected.
Therefore, for smooth claim settlement of motor insurance claim avoid the above-stated reasons. In case, of any query kindly feel free to contact Mr. Harsh Mahajan from Investment Locker. Contact Number – +(91) 9971155722, E-mail address- harsh@investmentlocker.com.]]>

COST INFLATION INDEX (CII)

COST INFLATION INDEX (CII)- Cost Inflation Index (CII) is used to measure the inflation when computing long-term capital gain on sale of Fixed Income and Fixed Assets. It is used only in fixed income, property and Gold Funds. But, it not used in equity-based products because in equity long term gains are tax-free. Capital gains are either short term or long term. Short term Capital Gains are earned if fixed assets are sold before 3 years. Long Term Capital gain is earned if it is sold after 3 years. Thus, in the case of short-term gain all gains will be added to your taxable income and taxed as per your current income tax slab.   But, for those who earn long-term capital gain can enjoy the indexation benefit where your purchase value will be increased according to the cost inflation index. So, in simple terms, the assets purchased before three years will not cost same as compared to present time. Thus, the government gives you the benefit of inflation while computing Long term Capital Gain. The benefit of inflation is provided by the following method:   The cost of the asset purchased three years ago will be less if you will consider the inflation rate over the past three years. Thus, when the government calculates Long term Capital gain they will not consider the purchase price of the asset on which you bought the asset. But, will instead inflate the purchase value using the cost inflation index (CII) and that value will be considered as the purchase price for computing Long term Capital Gain.   To simplify your inflation calculation CBDT release cost inflation index every year on the budget announcement. This index helps you to calculate the long-term gains and here is the formula to calculate it:   Indexed cost of acquisition = Actual cost of acquisition * CII of Year of Sale / CII of year of purchase

IF YOU HAVE ACQUIRED FROM SOMEONE ELSE THEN THIS THE FORMULA WOULD BE:

Indexed cost of acquisition = Actual cost of Acquisition * CII of Year of Sale / CII of year of purchase   The cost of Inflation Index is available from 1981 and asset purchased before that period will be considered to be 1981 value. Cost Inflation Index (CII) Chart is as follows:
 

Financial Year

Cost of Inflation Index (CII)

2016 – 17

                                                1125

2015 – 16

                                                1081

2014 – 15

1024

2013 – 14

939

2013 – 14

939

2012 – 13

852

2011 – 12

785

2010 – 11

711

2009 – 10

632

2008 – 09

582

2007 – 08

551

2006 – 07

519

2005 – 06

497

2004 – 05

480

2003 – 04

463

2002 – 03

447

2001 – 02

426

2000 – 01

                                                 406

1999 – 00

389

1998 – 99

351

1997 – 98

331

1996 – 97

305

1995 – 96

281

1994 – 95

259

1993 – 94

244

1992 – 93

223

1991 – 92

199

1990 – 91

182

1989 – 90

172

1988 – 89

161

1987 – 88

150

1986 – 87

140

1985 – 86

133

1984 – 85

125

1983 – 84

116

1982 – 83

109

1981 – 82

100

Tag: Cost Inflation Index 2016-17, Cost Inflation Index 2015-16, CII,Cost Inflation Index In the case of debt funds there are two ways for long term Capital gains: (a) If you don’t want to choose indexation then you can simply pay 10% of gain as tax (b) Otherwise, you can choose indexation which is recommended and beneficial also   To get clarity on computation please refer below example:  
Investment In Debt fund
Invested amount in FY 2011-12 1 Lakh
Term 5 year
Rate of Return @ 9% p.a.
Maturity Amount  before tax INR 153862.40
Indexation on Invested Amount INR 137703.68 (Invested amount X Cost of Inflation Index of 2015-16 / Cost of Inflation Index of 2011-12)
Gain Earned before tax INR 16155.4 (Indexed gain)
Applicable Tax rate 20% irrespective of slab on indexed gain
Tax Charged INR 3231.08
Total Maturity after Tax INR 150631.32
  Although being a client of Investmentlocker  you don’t have to worry about calculating this. As we provide this on our portfolio portal for any year which automated. But those who are not associated with Investmentlocker, then you can calculate it though the help of formula. If you have different purchase rates then you have to calculate every purchase entry differently. In that case, you have to follow FIFO method where the indexed year will be used as per the purchased year.    ]]>

GOING FOR FIXED DEPOSITS (FD) : 10 REASONS WHY YOU SHOULD CONVERT FD INTO DEBT MUTUAL FUND

DEBT MUTUAL FUND 1. No Tax Deducted at Source- Investments are done to secure one’s future financial situation. But, in the case of the financial crisis, if one has to withdraw from FD, it attracts Tax Deduction at Source (TDS) of approximately 10%. This percentage is irrespective of the tax slab in which the person falls. If one wishes to get the waiver then they have to submit the Form 15G and Form 15H to the bank. Whereas, if withdrawal is to be made from Debt Mutual funds. Then TDS is not deducted and the entire amount received at maturity is tax-free.

2.Tax Benefit of Indexation on maturity amount-

Investment In FD In Debt mutual fund
Invested amount in FY 2011-12 1 Lakh 1 Lakh
Term 5 year 5 year
Rate of Return @ 9% p.a. @ 9% p.a.
Maturity Amount  before tax INR 153862.40 INR 153862.40
Indexation on Invested Amount N/A INR 137707* (Invested amount X Cost of Inflation Index of 2015-16 / Cost of Inflation Index of 2011-12)
Gain Earned before tax INR 53862.40 INR 16155.4 (Indexed gain)**
Applicable Tax rate As per taxation slab, 30% being highest 20% irrespective of slab on indexed gain
Tax Charged INR 16158.72 INR 3231.08***
Total Maturity after Tax INR 137703.68 INR 150631.32
  Indexed cost of acquisition = (Actual cost of acquisition * CII of Year of Sale) / CII of year of purchase *    (100000 * 1081)/ 785 =   137707 **   153862.4 – 137707 = 16155.4 ***  (16155.4 * 20) / 100 = 3231.08  

3.Rating and safety

If you invest in FD then all you have to do is go and invest without the option of choosing between some options which may yield a higher return.  But, in Debt mutual funds, you can choose funds from various types of funds offered by that company. Also, the funds can be chosen keeping in mind the market ratings of respective funds. However, as far as safety of funds in Fixed Deposits is concerned; it is only up to INR 1 Lakh and rest is dependent on the rating of that bank Also, safety of these funds is measured by credit rating of the instrument. These ratings are provided by Independent Credit rating agencies (CRAs) like CRISIL, ICRA and CARE after making use of below scale.
ATING DEFINITION CRISIL ICRA CARE
HIGEST SAFETY CRISIL AAA ICRA AAA CARE AAA
HIGH SAFETY CRISIL AA ICRA AA CARE AA
ADEQUATE SAFETY CRISIL A ICRA A CARE A
MODERATE CREDIT RISK CRISIL BBB ICRA BBB CARE BBB
MODERATE DEFAULT RISK CRISIL BB ICRA BB CARE BB
HIGH DEFAULT RISK CRISIL B ICRA B CARE B
VERY HIGH DEFAULT RISK CRISIL C ICRA C CARE C
DEFAULT CRISIL D ICRA D CARE D

4. Higher returns as per the duration of Debt Mutual fund

Debt mutual funds might offer a higher rate of return as compared to Fixed Deposit. As according to your need you can opt for different debt mutual funds which offer higher returns in their duration zone. Let’s say if you are looking for investment for short duration then you can opt for liquid funds comparable to savings account return. In comparison to FD returns you can opt for higher duration fund starting from 1 year to 10 years.  

5. FD breaking charges and liquidity-

Bank FDs attract some penalty charges if they will be withdrawn before maturity. But, a debt short term fund does not have any penalties. Though if you have chosen higher duration then you might have to face such charges until 1 year is completed but the god part is that you don’t have to compromise on the rate of return.  

6. Falling interest rates in Fixed Deposits (FDs)-

Being the developing economy we offer highest interest rates in fixed income among all countries in the world. As you can see the trend from last 2 years RBI is decreasing interest rates continuously and we assume that RBI will also continue to do so. These falling interest rates will favor higher duration funds. And it can be seen that during the last 2 year they have performed better and have given returns in double digit.  

7. Flexibility to do SIP, SWP AND STP

Debt mutual funds provide investor more flexibility in investment options as compared to FDs. You must be aware of investment using SIP (Systematic Investment Plan) in equity mutual funds but you can also choose SIP to invest in debt funds which also works like RD (Recurring Deposit) in the bank but here you get far higher returns. STP is also a good tool as through this you can link your debt mutual fund to any equity fund of your choice of that company. Also, you have an option to transfer every month a fixed amount from one scheme to another scheme. Along with that SWP (Systematic Withdrawal Plan) is also available where you can set a fix date and amount to withdraw from you debt mutual fund to fulfill your needs on monthly basis  

8. Dividend transfer-

You can also choose dividend option in debt mutual fund. The frequency of dividend can be daily, monthly, quarterly, half-yearly and yearly in which you get a dividend in form of return and your principal remains the same.  

9. Track and see your returns daily-

If you invest in Fixed Deposit there is no way to track and see the growth on your principle amount invested. But, in debt mutual fund, you can track the growth of your investment on daily basis. Not even tracking but also redemption is possible. So it is good to see your money growing, whereas in any other instrument it is not so easy.  

10. Switching facility-

Debt mutual funds provide more liberty in handling the investment as compared to FD. Liberty is in terms of the option being available to switch money from one fund to another fund and switch from debt mutual fund to equity and vice-versa. Also, if you foresee a crisis in the Equity market and would like to enter the market at a lower level then breaking an FD may take time. Whereas in debt mutual fund you can switch your fund immediately at that point and can buy mutual funds immediately. In case, of any query kindly feel free to contact Mr. Harsh Mahajan from Investment Locker. Contact Number – +(91) 9971155722, E-mail address- harsh@investmentlocker.com.]]>

RETIREMENT PLANNING

WHAT IS THE NEED TO HAVE RETIREMENT INSURANCE?

  • Regular income
The basic need for retirement planning is to secure regular monthly income during retirement. As every human being wants that the source of income should continue until the person or person’s dependents are alive. Retirement Planning is important so in the old age, the standard of living is well maintained . Also, it gives him mentalpiece that he will continue to live with dignity after retirement.
  • Meet immediate financial needs on retirement and thereafter
Even though the primary need is regular income. But, there are instances that immediately at retirement people need lump sum money; to meet any of the following needs:
  1. Repayment of debt if any
  2. If the person does not possess a house till retirement than he might be willing to buy one
  3. If the person possesses house than meeting furnishing requirement etc
  4. Or, for the hospitalisation for any illness
Even if above mentioned conditions does not arise then also some liquid cash to be kept for emergency.
  • Take care of Inflation-
We have to consider the fact that the amount of money required by us at present will not be sufficient in future. As inflation will increase over a period of time. Thus, the person should well plan in advance so with increasing inflation the basic requirements should not suffer.
  • Take care of Medical Emergency
The another reason due to which it is important to get the Retirement planning done is meeting Medical emergency needs. Cost of medical expenses is one of the biggest problems faced in retirement planning. To overcome medical emergency   one needs physical support and financial support. And the cost of health care services is increasing day by day. Thus, a good retirement planning should also aim at providing regular income as well as lump sum money requirements to deal with medical emergency.

IDEAL RETIREMENT PLANNING IS DIVIDED INTO FOLLOWING PARTS-

Retirement Planning is very crucial aspect and quite a vast topic. Thus, for ideal retirement planning it is divided into the following parts:
  • Analysis of the personal information
For ideal retirement planning it is necessary to be aware of the following income factors in advance:
  • What kind of living standard is to be maintained after retirement?
  • Is there any other responsibility to be fulfilled in terms of family and dependents?
  • What is your capacity to save from regular income towards retirement planning?
  • What is the estimated life expectancy after retirement? As with improved medical facilities Life expectancy ratio has improved. Also, it will continue to keep on improving with time.
  • Is there any provision for medical emergencies like hospitalisation, accident etc. for retirement?
Based on the answers of the above questions you will get the actual picture and will be able to plan better.
  • Existing resources available
For Retirement needs calculation you are also required to know list the resources that are available to client. Such as:
  • Is there any pension benefit that you will receive?
  • What will be the amount of gratuity and Provident fund due?
  • Is there any personal saving till date?
  • What is the amount of Life Insurance policy and annuity, if any?
  • Is there any other source of retirement income? Like rental income, sale of Property etc.
Such information is quite crucial for retirement planning.
  • Product option available for Pre-retirement & Post-Retirement-
The following Product options are available for you to choose from. Based on the type of risk the person is take and the time that is left for the individual to plan for retirement. Product types are as follows:

Pre-Retirement Products-

These products help in accumulating of wealth till the time you are working.
  • EPF
  • Gratuity
  • Leave Encashment
  • NPS
  • Mutual Funds
  • Pension Plans from Life Insurance Companies
  • Government Bonds
  • Fixed Deposits
  • Postal Schemes
  • Equity shares
  • Gold funds
  • Real Estate

Post-Retirement Products-

  • Monthly Income Schemes
  • Senior Citizen Saving Schemes
  • Annuity Plans
  • Liquid & Debt Funds with monthly dividend option
  • Rental Income from Real Estate
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Diabetes Insurance

Diabetes Insurance

There are so many insurance companies in the market that offer insurance to healthy people. But, when it comes to people having diabetes then very few companies are available that offer medical cover to diabetic patients. Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetes Insurance is a kind of Insurance policy which provides medical cover to people already suffering from Type 1 & Type 2 diabetes. People suffering from Type 2 diabetes are covered under this policy. And, incase of hospitalisation the insurance company is liable to bear the entire cost of hospitalisation up to sum assured.

HOW DIABETIC INSURANCE IS DIFFERENT FROM NORMAL HEALTH INSURANCE?

POINT OF DIFFERENCE DIABETIC INSURANCE NORMAL HEATH INSURANCE
COVERAGE Covers Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetes from Day 1 Does not cover diabetes from day 1
SUM ASSURED Starts from 2Lac and goes up to 10Lac Starts from 1Lac & goes up to 1Crore
MEDICAL CHECK-UP Compulsory for all age groups Compulsory after 45years
HYPERTENSION It is also at times covered Not covered
PREMIUM High Low
CO-PAYMENT OPTION AVAILABLE Yes No
NO CLAIM BONUS (NCB) No, but companies like Apollo give Reward point facility for maintaining good health Yes

 WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF TAKING Type 1 & type 2 DIABETIC INSURANCE?

Before buying the Diabetic insurance one should go through following key features:
  • It covers Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetes from Day 1, few companies cover hypertension as well
  • Premium for Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetic Insurance is at least 25% higher as compared to normal plan
  • Day care procedures include those diseases for which 24 hours of hospitalisation are not required, due to technological advancement. Example cataract, dialysis etc.
  • Domiciliary Treatment cost is also covered by Insurance Company
Domiciliary treatment is that in which the patient is treated at home. As the patient is in critical situation and cannot be shifted to hospital/ if the hospital states that no beds are available
  • Pre & Post hospitalisation medical expenses are also covered up to a certain limit. Number of days vary company to company
  • If situation occurs for any organ donation then apart from the insured, donor expenses are also borne by the company
  • Diabetic plans come with an option of Co-payment. In this individual will bear a fixed percentage of hospitalisation cost and rest will be paid by Insurance company. Example 20%, 30% or higher. Benefit of taking co-payment option is that higher the percentage borne by client less will be the premium cost
  • Emergency ambulance cover is provided by Insurance up to a specific amount. Example up to INR 2000
  • Portability option is available but only to Type 1 & Type 2 diabetic plan. One cannot port diabetic policy into a comprehensive health insurance plan and vice-versa.

WHAT IS THE TAX BENEFIT OF TAKING MEDICAL INSURANCE?

Tax benefit is provided under Section 80(d). Limit for tax benefit is as follows:
  • If individual takes Insurance policy for self then the amount paid as premium will be treated as saving up to INR 25000, but if you are a senior citizen then the rebate is INR 30000
  • Also, if you take this policy for your parents then you can take rebate of INR 25000. However, if your parents are senior citizen then limit of the rebate is INR 30000 separately
However, if the policy is taken for yourself and your parents who are senior citizens then total maximum rebate available under this section is INR 55000.

 WHAT IS THE ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR TAKING?

  • Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetic Insurance can be taken between 18-65 years. For Company like “Star health care” age limit is 25- 65 years
  • Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetic Insurance Covers Type 1 & Type 2 diabetes only
  • Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetic Insurance can be taken for sum assured of INR 1 Lac and goes up to 10 Lac
  • Medical test is mandatory

WHAT ARE THE EXCLUSIONS?

  • Waiting period of 30 days except any accidental injury. Although there is company like Max health insurance which provides medical cover from day 1
  • Any Pre-existing diseases/conditions (EXCEPT DIABETES OR HYPERTENSION) will not be covered from day 1. Those diseases can be covered if the company has some waiting period clause
  • 2 years exclusion for specific diseases like cataract, hernia, hysterectomy, joint replacement etc.
  • HIV or AIDS
  • Non-allopathic treatment
  • Mental disorder
  • Cosmetic surgery or weight control treatments

LIST COMPANIES AND SOME ACCEPT IT ON TEST BASIS WITH EXCLUSION

  • Apollo Munich Health insurance
  • Star Health insurance
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TAX Free Bonds

 WHAT ARE TAX-FREE BONDS? As the name suggests Tax Free Bonds are those bonds that help you get taxation benefits. Nowadays tax free bonds are quite popular as they give an option to the general public to get taxation benefits. Government-backed entities issue tax-free bonds also the interest rate earned from tax-free bonds is tax free under Section 10 (15) (iv) (h) of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Tax free bonds also help these government-backed entities to raise fund from public and in return they offer them assured rate of return which is tax free. However, to have a clear understanding on Tax Free Bonds one needs to know what Bonds are. Bonds are a kind of Investment option offered by companies, banks, government securities. The tenure of these bonds vary. People invest in bonds to earn the rate of interest.

WHAT ARE THE OTHER KEY FEATURES OF TAX-FREE BONDS?

  • People who invest in tax free bonds have the option to choose from tenure of 10 years, 15years & 20 years
  • Tax-Free bonds are listed on NSE / BSE
  • The money invested in these bonds has lock-in period but can be traded on listed exchange
  • Tax free bonds are Safe investment option
  • For investing in tax free bonds individual must have PAN Card as it is mandatory proof

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF TAX-FREE BONDS?

  • These bonds result in Tax Free Income
  • Rate of return on tax free bonds is not only comparatively higher but also tax-free
  • Risk involved in these bonds is low, as the companies have a better credit rating
  • Since tax free bonds are listed on exchange thus they provide liquidity aswell
  • It easier for the investor to handle investment
  • These bonds are an ideal option for Individuals who comes under high tax bracket. As post-tax return compared to FD are attractive as well as guaranteed

HOW TO INVEST IN TAX-FREE BONDS?

  • Investing in a tax-free bond is quite simple. The Investor has to simply get the application form of the tax-free bond and submit it after duly signing it along with the mandatory documents required.
  • The investor also has an option to either apply in Demator Physical Mode, with required documents.

WHO CAN INVEST IN TAX-FREE BONDS?

  • Retail Individual Investors (RIIs)
  • High Net worth Individuals (HNIs)
  • Corporates/Trusts
  • Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs)
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